PHP 8.1: implementing PDO using prepared statements and handling exceptions
I've hit a wall trying to I've been struggling with this for a few days now and could really use some help....... Hey everyone, I'm running into an issue that's driving me crazy. I'm experiencing a question when using PDO with prepared statements in PHP 8.1 while trying to handle a database connection behavior. I've set up my PDO connection with the following code: ```php try { $pdo = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=testdb', 'user', 'password'); $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION); } catch (PDOException $e) { die("Connection failed: " . $e->getMessage()); } ``` Then, I prepare a statement like this: ```php $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = :email'); $stmt->execute(['email' => $email]); ``` But sometimes, when I run the code, I receive this behavior: ``` SQLSTATE[HY093]: Invalid parameter number: parameter was not defined ``` This happens intermittently, and I want to pinpoint why. I've double-checked that the `$email` variable is defined and contains a valid email string at the point of execution. Initially, I thought it might be a scoping scenario or an oversight in how I'm binding parameters, so I tried using `bindParam` instead: ```php $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = :email'); $stmt->bindParam(':email', $email); $stmt->execute(); ``` However, the question continues. My environment is running PHP 8.1 with PDO_MYSQL enabled, and I'm using MySQL 8 for the database. I've also verified that `display_errors` is set to `On` in my `php.ini`, but no additional behavior details are provided. What could be causing this scenario, and how can I resolve it to ensure the prepared statements work reliably without these exceptions? I'm working on a CLI tool that needs to handle this. Any ideas what could be causing this? For context: I'm using Php on macOS. Any ideas what could be causing this? Could someone point me to the right documentation? I'm coming from a different tech stack and learning Php. I'd really appreciate any guidance on this. This is for a CLI tool running on macOS. Thanks for your help in advance! This is for a mobile app running on Windows 11. Any ideas what could be causing this?