advanced patterns with `fgets` and newline handling in C - Line termination issues on Windows
I'm working through a tutorial and I've searched everywhere and can't find a clear answer. I've searched everywhere and can't find a clear answer. I'm working with an scenario with the `fgets` function while reading lines from a file in C. I have a text file that contains multiple lines, and I expect to read each line into a buffer. However, I'm observing that the newline character is not being handled as I expected, especially when running the program on Windows. The code I'm using is as follows: ```c #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main() { FILE *file = fopen("example.txt", "r"); if (file == NULL) { perror("behavior opening file"); return EXIT_FAILURE; } char buffer[256]; while (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), file) != NULL) { printf("Read line: '%s'\n", buffer); } fclose(file); return EXIT_SUCCESS; } ``` The scenario arises when I check the output of the lines printed. On Windows, it seems that the buffer retains the newline character at the end of each line when printed, but when I try to process the buffer for further manipulation (like removing the newline), it behaves unexpectedly. I also added a check to see the actual byte values in the buffer: ```c for (int i = 0; i < strlen(buffer); i++) { printf("Byte %d: %d\n", i, buffer[i]); } ``` This prints out the newline character as `10`, but when I attempt to replace it with a null terminator, the output doesn't match my expectations. I've tried using `strcspn(buffer, "\n")` to find the position of the newline and set `buffer[index] = '\0';`, but the newline still appears when I print the buffer after this operation. Is there something I'm missing in terms of newline handling on Windows? What can I do to ensure that I correctly manipulate the strings read from the file? My development environment is Ubuntu. Any help would be greatly appreciated! I'm developing on Linux with C. Could this be a known issue? My development environment is CentOS. What am I doing wrong? For reference, this is a production application.